9, closely followed by the VASobs pain with average increases of 5. Child resorts pain level 5 on FACES scale D. Numeric scale c. Parents and nurses used VAS (n = 6), the Oucher Scale (n = 1), FPS (n = 1), and one study with 7-point FPS and VAS. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. AI Quiz. FACES pain rating tool b. The research questions were: 1. g. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. FACES pain rating tool b. Oucher scale d. Numeric scale c. Intended use for neonates &infants from 0-6 months. FACES pain rating tool b. Blood Pressure / physiology. Location, 2. Among the entire sample and each age group, the FACES scale was the most preferred scale. A) FACES pain rating scale B) Oucher pain rating scale C) Poker chip tool D) Numeric pain intensity scale D The nurse uses the FLACC behavioral scale to assess a 6-year-old's level of postoperative pain and obtains a score of 9. Headache in children: Approach to. Oucher scale d. HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM GUIDEBOOK PHAs are required4 to adopt a minimum rent which may be set anywhere from $0 to $50. Either the Oucher scale or the faces pain scale is suitable for prehospital care providers to assess pain in children. and relationships between the Oucher. the best. Self-report measures are not sufficiently valid for children younger than 3 years of age because many are not able to accurately self-report their pain. -4. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self- reportthe Oucher Scale. He cries and rolls his headfrom side to side a lot. The child's assessment reveals guarding of the abdomen. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. minimum of 0 points (meaning no pain), with a signif icance. Based on the nurse's knowledge of pain assessment tools and child development, which assessment tools are most appropriate for this age child? (Select all that apply) A. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like pain, acute pain, chronic pain and more. Faces pain scale E. Numeric scale c. The original Oucher (Figure 1) consists of two separate scales: a 0 to 100 scale on the left for older children and a six-picture photographic scale on the right for younger children. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl who had surgery 12 hours. He cries and rolls his head from side to side a lot. FACES pain rating tool b. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. Type b. 5. {{configCtrl2. FLACC tool. and requires the child to point to each section on the scale to describe variations in pain intensity or to point to a picture and describe variations in pain. Thus, the simplest tool, FACES with the drawn happy and sad faces, was more appealing to the children in this study than the African American OUCHER Scale. These faces were all illustrated or captured in an effort to create a graphic pain scale for pediatric patients. Numeric scale c. Oucher scale d. Oucher scale d. Oucher scale B. 2 It is used as a measure of pain intensity. Oucher scale: Children (Age >8 yrs) Self-report pain scale: Based on. Numeric scale c. 22, 23 Its metric is consistent with other visual analog scale pain measures. 62–. Pain management Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. ANS: D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or does not have the language skills to express pain. Oucher scale d. FACES pain rating tool b. FLACC C. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain ratingHealth Assessment Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. The alternate form of the Oucher is actually a mirror image of the original large form, just smaller in size. PMN. FACES pain rating tool b. The VAS is indicated for use with older school-age children and adolescents. Basic concept Painm 2 - ACTIVE LEARNING TEMPLATES Basic Concept STUDENT NAME - Studocu. Training of the child is also necessary before performing an assessment. The Oucher scale is used for children aged 3-13 years. 2005 Mar;6 (1):10-7. Vocalization, facial expressions, and body movements that have been associated with pain. 1, 2 The Poker Chip Tool (PCT), 12 visual analog scale (VAS, a 10-cm line arranged horizontally or vertically), 17 Wong-Baker FACES scale, 24. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Numeric scale c. , that 71 is larger than 43, can use the numerical sclae. Responsiveness of scores to the pain associated with painful procedures was highest for the FLACC scale with an average increase of 5. OUCHER Scale of Beyer and Wells is represented in Figure 3. The FACES scale is appropriate for. Faces pain relating scale 3. The OUCHER Pain Scale consists of 6 images showing children faces representing a variety of pain intensities, which are convertible to scores of. 52, 57 The ability of children to report and to describe pain emerges with increasing age and experience and typically follows a developmental progression, although there is always considerable variation associated with individual differences. It is an ethnically based self-report scale, which has three versions: Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic [54, 55]. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. METHODS: During a visit to the sickle cell anemia clinic, the children were. Like the CRIES scale, this set of variables is scored on a scale of 0 – 2. Construct validity was supported for both the scales. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A first-time parent is discussing developmental milestones with the nurse. Numeric scale c. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. This study was designed to assess the extent to which use by preschoolers of the 1985 Affective Facial Scale by McGrath, et al. A nurse is caring for a child who is experiencing a seizure. Pain is a common presenting symptom for emergency. Body outline → What pain assessment tools do…Oucher Scale; Pieces of Hurt; A well-validated assessment tool for use with cognitively or developmentally delayed children is the; Poker Chip Tool. Oucher, The FACES scale is appropriate for, The numeric scale is appropriate for and more. The Oucher and Wong/Baker Rating Scales are pediatric scales. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. 8. PTS 1 DIF Cognitive Level Application REF 833 OBJ Nursing Process Assessment MSC from NUR 1172 at University of the Fraser ValleyThe subjective response was measured based on a 100 point scale (Oucher scale) with a minimum of 0 points (meaning no pain), with a significance level of 0. Based on the reported reliability, validity, and preference scores, the FACES would be the best scale for assessing pain severity in African American pediatric patients. chronic. -combines a 0-to-100 scale w/ 6photographic images of children in pain. Oucher scale d. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. PMID: 12025292 DOI: 10. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. 2. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. , that 71 is larger than 43, can use the numerical sclae. 35, df = 2, NS); for the preschool-age period. Pain is often assessed on an 11-point NRS from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e. Numeric scale c. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. g. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 1 (ages 7-adult) X : OUCHER 2,3 (ages 3-12) X : Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale 4 (ages 4-18) X : Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) 5 (ages. FACES pain rating tool b. Therefore, this measure can be used with children from 3 to 12 years of age. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. FLACC tool, 2. Students also studiedOUCHER! OUCHER! Figure 1 OUCHER scale. FLACC tool, 2. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. Some of these assessment tools include: Poker chip Oucher scale Simple verbal descriptive scale Visual analog scaleStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Kyle, age 6 months, is brought to the clinic. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. Numeric scale c. FACES pain rating tool b. FACES pain rating tool b. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A nurse is completing a pain assessment of an infant. This is a Premium Document. On the numeric scale, 0 means “no hurt,” 10 to 30 means “little hurts,” 30 to 60 means “middle hurts,” 60 to 90 means “big hurts” and 100. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. FACES pain rating tool b. OUCHER: Oucher Scale. }, author={Chao Hsing Yeh}, journal={The. Severity c. Numeric scale c. One major challenge in the management of severe pain is the objective measurement of pain. Twenty-two effect sizes (ESs) were initially combined across 12 studies using a fixed-effect model to obtain the summary estimate of ES on pain ratings (9 for the child–parent dyad, 8 for the child–nurse dyad, and 5 for the. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. CHAPTER 5 A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. de Oucher), ya que presenta diferentes ver-siones disponibles con imágenes de acuerdo . Oucher Scale for Pediatrics; Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ) for measuring pain in children;At present, the verbal numerical rating scale appears the most appropriate pain measure to administer in the prehospital setting for adult patients as it is practical and valid. The scale from 0 to 100 is placed alongside six photographs of children in various levels of discomfort; children in the report were asked to use the pictures as an aid for. FACES B. The numeric pain scale is one most adults are used to; anyone over 8 can use the numeric scale. They evaluate several behavioral and/or physiological parameters related to. Well-established: Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (Wong & Baker, 1988) Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 1 (ages 7-adult) X : OUCHER 2,3 (ages 3-12) X : Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale 4 (ages 4-18) X : Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) 5 (ages 4-16) X : Pieces of Hurt (Poker Chip Tool) 6 (ages 4-7) X : Numerical Rating Scale 7 (ages 8-adult) X : Colored Analog Scale 8 (ages 7-adult) X Oucher: This scale consists of 2 vertical scales, a numerical scale from 0-100 and a photographic scale that consists of 6 pictures of the face of a child with expressions demonstrating increasing discomfort. Despite the magnitude of effects that pain can have on a child, it is often inadequately assessed and treated. 6. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Oucher scale d. A pilot study determined. We suggest that, in critically ill pediatric patients 6 yrs old and older who are capable of communicating, pain assessment via self-report be routinely performed using the Visual Analog Scale, Numeric Rating Scale, Oucher Scale, or Wong-Baker Faces pain scale. Visual Analogue Scale. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. The picture OUCHER scale is unique, in that it shows a child of a different sex and race, to allow the child to relate to the pictures more easily [190, 191]. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. -nurse can use different pain scales such as: visual analog, numerical pain scale, FLACC, FACES, oucher. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. The Oucher scale has 6 photographs of a child's face with pain expressions of varying pain intensity that are Variations of the FACES Rating Scale include the following. The OUCHER scale uses photographic faces and is available in six culturally sen - sitive faces. On the left of the poster is the numerical scale. PANAD scale. Adapted from OUCHER. Dextromethorphan. The nurse tells the client that she can reasonably expect her child to achieve which of the following by the time the child is 1 year old? (Select all that apply) a. 1 ± 1. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like NIPS, FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale, Faces pain rating scale and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. Welcome to the Wong-Baker FACES Foundation The official home of the This tool was originally created with children for children to help them communicate about their pain. This psychometric examination determined whether children, by their scores. 14 Different verbal report scales have also been used. Scores on the Oucher Scale, Analogue Chromatic Continuous Scale, and Child Medical Fear Scale were obtained after being administere. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. Numeric scale c. Body Composition (BMI) Height/Weight. Which of the following. scale of 0–10 (FPS-R) with 0 being no pain and increas - ing to 10 being the worst pain. Paper-based VAS require an extra step in measuring the line. He cries and rolls his head from side to side a lot. FACES pain-rating scale. 36 One scale has a series of 6 photographs of a child in varying degrees of distress and is to be used for. Due to the subjective nature of pain, it can be very difficult for. The tools must be easy to use, allow for fast assessment, easy documentation and be multicultural and multilingual. FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale The FLACC scale is an appropriate tool for infants and young children who cannot report pain. Oucher scale d. FACES pain rating tool b. , 1988), a validated self-report scale for pain intensity for children aged 3–12 years. FLACC tool. Oucher D. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Numeric scale c. The Oucher scale may be particularly useful for children older than 7 years and for studies that are restricted to certain ethnic groups, the study authors write. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. His parent says, "I think he hurts. Poker chip tool D. There are two scales on the OUCHER: a number scale for older children and a picture scale for younger children. The nurse teaches a preschooler to use a FACES pain rating scale prior to surgery. Oucher scale d. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Oucher scale d. It can be used with younger school-age children, although less abstract tools are more appropriate. scale (VAS), Oucher pain scale, and Wong-Baker FACES scale. )b. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. The Poker Chip Tool can also be used with 3 year olds , where patients are given poker chips representing pieces of pain and asked to give the nurse how many. 53 (SD 2. FACES b. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. Conclusions: The study findings indicated that the FACES and African-American Oucher Scales are valid and reliable tools for measuring pain in children. FLACC tool, 2. ) und jeweils für Mädchen und Jungen ab. Numeric scale d. 16 Examples include the Wong–Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, for use by children ages three to 18 years 31; the Faces Pain Scale–Revised (FPS-R), for use by children ages four years and older 21; and the Oucher Scale, for use by children ages three to. Das Instrument umfasst jeweils sechs Gesichterfotos von einem schmerzfreien Gesichtsausdruck („kein. Oucher scale d. This most likely suggests which feature of pain? a. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. The Oucher Scale (which is available in different ethnic versions, permits children to rate their pain intensity by matching it to photographs of other children's faces that depict increasing levels of pain. the clinician asks the patient to answer eight questions concerning location, duration, quality, intensity, and aggravating/relieving factors; the clinician adds questions about manner of expressing pain and the effects of pain that impairs one's quality of life;View full documentWe suggest that, in critically ill pediatric patients 6 yrs old and older who are capable of communicating, pain assessment via self-report be routinely performed using the Visual Analog Scale, Numeric Rating Scale, Oucher Scale, or Wong-Baker Faces pain scale. FACES pain rating tool b. Visual Analog Scale (VAS). FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. Oucher scale d. Each child chose a painful experience, rated his/her experience on each of the above scales, and then chose the scale he/she liked best. 001) and 10 min (P = 0. Numeric scale c. 5. A nurse would use the following pain scale to assess an adult client who has a visual deficit: Oucher scale; FACES scale; Visual analogue scale; Numerical scale; 1 points QUESTION 5. A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity or other features. The alternate form of the Oucher is actually a mirror image of the original large form, just smaller in size. The Oucher scale, developed by Judith E. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. DOI: 10. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. The Oucher scale uses photographs of real children in pain or discomfort. Children who are able to count to 100 by ones or tens and can identify. Numeric scale c. Ages 3 & up - poster with 2 scales - Numeric 1-100 for children who can count, the other with 6 photographed faces for children who cannot count. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Kyle, age 6 months, is brought to the clinic. It has been particularly well investigated, but unlike some other scales it requires the purchase and possible sterilization of a plastic tool. The. 2005. 24. ANS: D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or doesn't have the language skills to express pain. Quality of Evidence: LowNumeric scale c. Oucher scale d. There are two vertical pain scales on the Oucher: (a) a numerical rating scale of 0–10 for older children and (b) a color photographic scale of child's faces with different pain expressions for younger children. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. The construct validity and clinical applicability of two self- report scales, the Oucher Numeric and the Word Graphic Scales, were examined in this study and a majority of the children and nurses and all parents believed that a self-report scale was useful for assessment and communication of children’s pain following surgery. Fig 1. FACES pain scale. The purpose of this study was to determine the adequacy of the alternate forms reliability of three versions of the Oucher pain scale. FLACC tool ANS: D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or doesn’t have the language skills to express pain. s18 No abstract available MeSH terms Child, Preschool Facial Expression* Female Humans Infant Male Pain / diagnosis* Pain /. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. The Oucher pain scale, with 3 existing versions (Caucasian, African American, or Hispanic), includes 2 separate scales, a 0 to 100 numeric scale 4 and a photographic scale with 6 pictures of one child. The WBFPRS was preferred by children, but the inclusion of smiling and crying faces among the WBFPRS face choices raised the possibility of. Apply the medication an hour before the procedure beings. 1 ± 0. FACES pain rating tool b. Numeric scale c. His parent says, I think he hurts. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. FACES pain rating tool b. Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale D. Purpose: To compare the validity, reliability, and preference of pain intensity measurement tools--the African-American Oucher Scale, the Wong-Baker FACES Scale, and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)--in 100 African-American children between 3 and 18 years of age. Numeric scale c. Gauifenesin - Guaifenesin med card. The Oucher Scale is based on the stages of cognitive development and attempts to incorporate how children perceive and communicate their pain experience at different ages (Beyer 1994). The OUCHER Pain Scale consists of 6 images showing children faces representing a variety of pain intensities, which are convertible to scores of. It evaluates behavioural parameters (motor response, vocalisation, facial expression, sleep wake pattern and crying)And physiological parameters (HR, RR, BP). 11. Oucher scale. The Oucher is a tool consisting of 2 scales used to help children report the intensity of their pain. Babies experiencing pain manifest decreases in oxygenation as measured byStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. assessment was performed using the self-report Oucher Scale and CHEOPS (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale) and sedative state assessment was performed using the Wilson Sedation Scale. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) is a measure of pain intensity that was modified from the Faces Pain Scale (Wong-Beker) [2] to facilitate a more acceptable 0 to 10 criterion in scoring pain sensation. The VAS is indicated for use with older school-age children and adolescents. The Oucher Scale (which is available in different ethnic versions, permits children to rate their pain intensity by matching it to photographs of other children's faces that depict increasing levels of pain. The nurse knows that physiologic changes associated with pain in the neonate include a. Duration b. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. FLACC tool, While gathering a history, the school. FACES pain rating tool b. codeine B. Oucher scale d. 2004. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. These 4 scales were included in the review. The photographic faces scale consists of six photographs of culturally sensitive faces (Caucasian, Afro-American and Hispanic) that are scored from 0 to 5. Gently rub the cream into the skin until it disappears. FLACC tool, 2. FACES pain rating tool b. ANS: C, D The Oucher tool can be used to assess pain in children 3 to 12 years of age. The study findings indicated that the FACES and African-American Oucher Scales are valid and reliable tools for measuring pain in children. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. Oucher scale d. The pediatric pain experience involves the. It can be used by parents, nurses, teachers, and other professionals to measure children's pain experiences and responses to various treatments and procedures. Despite numerous studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s, pain in children remains inadequately. Numeric scale c. A nurse is interpreting the results of a childs peak expiratory flow rate Which from NUR 214 at Wayne County Community College DistrictStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like -1. CKM enables knowledge governance within and across the health enterprise. The Oucher (Beyer, 1984) Self-report photograph scale for pain intensity. 139 in book School age children - FACES scale, numeric rating scale, Visual analog scale, Poker chip scale Adolescents - Numeric rating, VAS, Adolescent pediatric pain tool (more descriptive) Children with special needs. As stated in our protocol, for a patient to receive opiate, he/she must have a. The OUCHER is a poster developed for children to help them communicate how much pain or hurt they feel. This a self-reported scale measuring the intensity of pain of children between 3 and 12 years of age and is composed of 2 distinct scales. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Oucher pain rating scale The Oucher scale is a self-report scale appropriate for ages 3 to 13. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Now the scale is used around the world with people ages 3 and older, facilitating communication and improving assessment so pain management can be addressed. The Oucher is a tool to help children report their pain intensity using a 0-100 numerical scale or a six-picture photographic scale. It assesses the face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability. The benefits of the NRS are its simplicity and validity. The OUCHER scale, like the Wong-Baker, uses a numeric scale; however, it ranges from 0 to 5 with 0 being no pain and 5 being the worst pain. 3, 34. Oucher. Additional large-scale studies are needed to evaluate efficacy and cost–benefit and risk–benefit issues. Color Tool, Vocalization, facial expressions, and body movements that have. A pain scale measures a patient 's pain intensity or other features. What’s fascinating is that, despite the fact that most of these scales were designed in isolation from one another—that is, the. While 39 out of 40 children successfully sorted happy from distressed faces, the present sample was less accurate in distinguishing levels of affect than the older children in the normative sample tested by McGrath, et al. Photographs of children's faces are used, indicating increasing degrees of distress from 0 to 10. Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale (N-PASS) Numeric scale c. FLACC C. 2004. For example, females are not represented, as well as other cultures. The OUCHER is a poster developed for children to help them communicate how much pain or hurt they feel. FACES pain rating tool b. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale D. . Which of the following is the most reliable indicator of the existence and intensity of acute pain? The severity of the condition causing the pain; The client's. physiologic signs and symptoms in combination with pain assessment tools are from NURS 431 at College of Mount Saint VincentJournal of Pediatric Nursing 3 (1), 11–23) to test the construct validity of the Oucher Scale. The Coloured Analogue Scale ( 27) ( Table 2) is a VAS that uses a mechanical slider to indicate pain intensity. s18 The three ethnic versions of the Oucher each has two scales, a photographic scale on the right side of the poster and a numeric scale labeled 0 to 100, by tens, on the left side of the poster. Color Tool. Numeric scale c.